Karyotyping is an examination of the chromosomes (structure formed by DNA and proteins, which contain genetic information) performed to identify genetic problems as cause of malformation or a disease
This examination can be done with a blood, bone marrow, amniotic fluid or placenta tissue sample.
Normal values:
Women: 44 autosomes and 2 sexual chromosomes (XX), which is written as 46, XX
Men: 44 autosomes and 2 sexual chromosomes (XY), which is written as 46, XY

These are exercises to strengthen the muscles that take part in defecation and urination, which help with fecal and urinary incontinence.
They can be done at any time and position, and they are done contracting and relaxing the muslces of the pelvis, for example if you are trying to cut the urine flow.
The muslces are squeezed 8 seconds and relaxed 10 second, 10 times in the morning, 10 times in the afternoon, and 10 times at night.

These are exercises to strengthen the muscles that take part in defecation and urination, which help with fecal and urinary incontinence.
They can be done at any time and position, and they are done contracting and relaxing the muslces of the pelvis, for example if you are trying to cut the urine flow.
The muslces are squeezed 8 seconds and relaxed 10 second, 10 times in the morning, 10 times in the afternoon, and 10 times at night.

Is the presence of ketone bodies in blood. Ketone bodies are substances produced when the fat of the body is consumed (unbalanced diabetes in a prolonged fasting) and also due to some intoxications.

Lactate (or lactic acid)
Normal value:
Lactate: 4.5 to 19.8 mg/dL (0.5-2.2 mmol/L)

Normal Value:
Lactate: 4,5 to 19,8 mg/dL (0,5-2,2 mmoI/L)

LDH: 230-460 IU/L

LDH: 230-460 IU/L

It consists of measuring the levels of sugar (glucose) in blood after lactose ingestion. The person must be in fasting and drink a liquids with lactose. Several blood samples are taken repeatedly for 2 hours. If the person absorbs lactose properly, blood glucose increase; if the person doesn't absorb lactose (lactose malabsoprtion), blood glucose does not increase.

Laminectomy is a type of surgery that removes a portion or all of the vertebral bone (lamina) to relieve the compression of the spinal cord or the nerve roots that may be caused by an injury, disc protrusion, spinal stenosis (narrow canal) or tumors.

This invasive study allows directly visualizing the contents of the abdomen and pelvis, including the fallopian tubes, the ovaries, the womb, the small intestine, the large intestine, the appendix, the liver and the gallbladder.
The doctor uses a thin and flexible tube that has a lens and a light called endoscope. It displays the images on a video monitor.
It is usually performed in a hospital under general anesthesia.

It's the removal of the appendix through small cuts in the abdomen. A small video camera (laparsocope) is introduced in one of them and in the others different elements are introduced through which the appendix is extracted.
In most of the cases it is performed under total anesthesia.
Laparoscopic surgery has the following benefits:
-Less pain after surgery
-Days in Hospital are reduced
-It leaves a small scar

It's an invasive study which allows to visualise the contents of the abdomen and pelvis, including Fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, liver and vesicle.
The doctor uses a thin and flexible tube wich has a lens and a light called endoscope; and visualises the images in a video monitor. It's generally performed under total anaesthesia

Invasive study that allows visualizing the contents of the abdomen and pelvis, including the Fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, small and large intestines, appendix, liver, and vesicle.
The doctor uses a thin and flexible tube with a lens and a light called endoscope, and visualizes the images on a video monitor.
It's generally performed at the hospital under total anesthesia.

Surgery performed with the purpose of opening, exploring, examining and treating the problems of the organs and of the structures of the abdomen.
It's performed under total anaesthesia. The surgeon makes an incision on the abdomen and examines its organs. A biopsy may be taken during the procedure.