Pediatric Hemogram, Normal Values based on age: Hematocrit:
1 to 3 días: 44-72 %
2 months: 28-42%
6 to 12 years: 35-45 %
12 to 18 years: 37-49% (in men) y 36-46 %(in women)

Hemoglobin: 1 to 3 days: 14,5 -22,5 g/dl
2 months: 9 - 14 g/dl.
6 to 12 years: 11,5 - 15,5 g/dl.
12 to 18 years: 13 - 16 g/dl (in men) y 12 - 16 g/dl (in women)

Leucocytes or White blood cells: :
When born: 9-30 x 1000 células/mm3
1°day: 9,4-34 x 1000 células/mm3
1 month: 5-19,5 x 1000/mm3
1-3 years: 6-17,5 x 1000/mm3
4-7 years: 5,5-15,5 x 1000/mm3
8 to 13 years: 4,5-13,5 x 1000/mm3
More than 13 years: 4,5-11,5 x 1000/mm3

-Neutrophils 54% to 62%
-Neutrophils in band: 3 to 5%
-Lymphocytes: 25 to 33%
-Monocytes: 3 to 7%
-Eosinophils: 1 to 3 %
-Basophils: 0 to 0,75%

Platelets:

First 7 days since birth: 84.000-478.000/mm3
Older than 7 days, onward: 150.000 to 400.000/mm3.

The doctor may perform the following examination or exploration:
.Control of Cardiac Frequency: Norma values: 13 years onward 75/80 beats/minute.
.Control of Breathing Frequency Normal values: 16 to 20 cycles/minute.
.Control of Temperature (Normal: 36,4 - 37 °C)
.Control of blood pressure.
-Measure height, weight and body-mass index.
-Objective valuation of amount and distribution of hair through Ferriman–Gallwey score in which a number of 0 (no hair) to 4 (excessive presence of hair) is assigned to each of the 9 sensitive zones to androgens. A maximum score is 36 points (4 for each of the 9 areas) and Hirsutism is defined when the sum of all areas is equal or more than 8 points.
The areas of the body evaluated are: upper lip, chin, sternal region, upper abdomen, lower abdomen and pubis, arms, upper back, lower back, gluteus and thighs.
It’s worth mentioning that value scale is useful in the evaluation of Caucasian women only, but not Asian women because they have less hair in comparison to Southern Europe.

The doctor may perform the following examination or exploration:
.Control of Cardiac Frequency (Normal: 60 to 100 beats/minute)
.Control of Breathing Frequency (Normal: 16 to 20 breathing cycles/minute)
.Control of Temperature (Normal: 36,5 - 37 °C)
.Control of Blood Pressure (Normal: ≤ 120/80 mmHg)
Hand and Wrist examination:
.Observation (or Inspection)
.Palpation (or touching): to know if there is any area causing pain and to recognise any injury that can be perceived by touching.
.Evaluation of joint mobility of the wrist and hand and its restraints
.Sensitivity evaluation
.Skin examination (colour, temperature, presence of any injury)

The doctor may perform the following examination or exploration:
.Control of Cardiac Frequency (Normal: 60 to 100 beats/minute)
.Control of Breathing Frequency (Normal: 16 to 20 breathing cycles/minute)
.Control of Temperature (Normal: 36,5 - 37 °C)
.Control of Blood Pressure (Normal: ≤ 120/80 mmHg)
Wrist and hand examination:
Observation (or Inspection)
.Palpation (or touching): to know if there is some area that causes pain and to examine if there is any injury that may be perceived by touching.
.Evaluation of the hand and wrist joint mobility and its constraints.
.Sensitivity evaluation
.Skin examination (colour, temperature, presence of any injury)

Test in which, through a blood test, it is possible to confirm the diagnosis of pregnancy. This is achieved through the detection of the chorionic gonadotropin (HCG beta-subunit) synthesized only by pregnant women since the embryo starts evolving around the tenth day of pregnancy.

The doctor may perform the following exam or exploration:
.Control of Cardiac Frequency: Norma valuesl: Newborn: 120 to 160 beats/minute, 1 and 2 years 110-120 beats/minute, 3 to 12 years 100 beats/minute, 13 years onward 75/80 beats/minute.
.Control of Breathing Frequency Normal values: Newborn 30 to 60 breathing cycles/minute, 1 and 2 years 20 to 40 breathing cycles/minute, 3 years onward 15/25 breathing cycles/minute.
.Control of Temperature (Normal: 36,4 - 37 °C)
Neurological Examination:
- Evaluate state of consciousness-pupils-funduscopy
- Evaluate meningeal affectation signs (nape rigidity)
Posture test (superior limbs extended), kinetics (index-nose), writing and spiral drawings with the hands raised.
-Evaluate march
- Evalute muscle tone
- Evaluate reflex

The doctor may perform the following examination or exploration:
.Control of Cardiac Frequency (Normal: 60 to 100 beats/minute)
.Control of Breathing Frequency (Normal: 16 to 20 breathing cycles/minute)
.Control of Temperature (Normal: 36,5 - 37 °C)
.Control of Blood Pressure (Normal: ≤ 120/80 mmHg)
-Examination of eyes, mouth and ears

-Eye Fundus Examination (with an ofthalmoloscope)
-Palpation of head, face and muscles from the neck and back.
-Examination of the Nape mobility
-Muscle strength examination of arms and legs
-Balance Examination: (you stand upright with your eyes closed)

-Have between 4 to 6 meals per day
-Drink abundant water, between 6 to 8 daily glasses
-Maintain a varied diet
-Increase fruit and raw and cooked vegetables.
-Choose fat-free yogurt, milk and and cheese
-Consume red and lean white meat
-Avoid the consumption of bread, whole wheat flour, cereal, and legume.
-Control salt and sugar consumption
-Control fat products and fried food consumption

The doctor may perform the following examination or exploration:
.Control of Cardiac Frequency (Normal: 60 to 100 beats/minute)
.Control of Breathing Frequency (Normal: 16 to 20 breathing cycles/minute)
.Control of Temperature (Normal: 36,5 - 37 °C)
.Control of Blood Pressure (Normal: ≤ 120/80 mmHg)
Thorax Examination:
Observation (or Inspection)
Palpation (or touching)
Auscultation (Hearing): the noises/sounds produced by the lungs and heart.
Percussion (repetitive taps): to know how each part of the thorax sounds like

Neck examination:
Observation
Palpation of the neck vessels

Legs and feet examination:
Observation
Palpation
Foot pulse

Examination of skin and mucous (of the mouth): changes in color.

First aids procedure to unblock the airway blocked by some element.
Babies technique
1-Hold the baby face down over the forearm. Hold the baby's head at all time.
2-Give 5 little slaps with the base of the free palm between the shoulder blades.
3-If it doesn't come out, turn around the baby over the back. With 2 fingers apply 5 compressions on the chest (between the nipples of the baby)
4-Alternate 5 slaps on the back and 5 compressions on the chest until the object is expelled and the baby can breathe, cough or cry.
Children technique
1- Place yourself behind the child, holding him/her, with your arms below the child's armpit and around the thorax. At the same time put your hand as a fist and push the thumb inside, over the belly button. With the other hand, grab the fist to make pressure (compression) movements backwards and upwards at the same time.
2-Continue with the compressions until the object is expelled or the child can breather, cough or cry.

First aids procedure to unblock the airway blocked by some element.
Babies technique
1-Hold the baby face down over the forearm. Hold the baby's head at all time.
2-Give 5 little slaps with the base of the free palm between the shoulder blades.
3-If it doesn't come out, turn around the baby over the back. With 2 fingers apply 5 compressions on the chest (between the nipples of the baby)
4-Alternate 5 slaps on the back and 5 compressions on the chest until the object is expelled and the baby can breathe, cough or cry.
Children technique
1- Place yourself behind the child, holding him/her, with your arms below the child's armpit and around the thorax. At the same time put your hand as a fist and push the thumb inside, over the belly button. With the other hand, grab the fist to make pressure (compression) movements backwards and upwards at the same time.
2-Continue with the compressions until the object is expelled or the child can breather, cough or cry.

It's an examination used to detect and identify a bacteria or any other microorganism in blood and the sensitivity of this to certain antibiotics (antibiogram). 2 or 3 blood extractioon are performed. The result takes days.

It's an invasive procedure in which a machine is connected to the body (through a needle in the arm and conected to plastic cannulas) that acts as an artificial kidney eliminating liquids or toxics produced by the body or ingested in some way.

It's an invasive procedure in which a machine is conected to the body (through a niddle in the arm and conected to plastic cannulas in the machine) and acts as an artificial kidney eliminating liquids and toxics produced by the body or ingested in some way.

Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a laboratory examination that measures the levels of different types of oxygen-carrier proteins (hemoglobin) in blood. For the examination a blood sample is needed through vein (venipuncture)
Normal values
In adults, these hemoglobin molecules make up the following percentages of total hemoglobin:
Hb A: 95% to 98%
Hb A2: 2% to 3%
Hb F: 0.8% to 2%
Hb S: 0%
Hb C: 0%
In infants and children, these hemoglobin molecules make up the following percentages of total hemoglobin:
• Hb F (newborn): 50% to 80%
• Hb F (6 months): 8%
• Hb F (over 6 months): 1% to 2%
Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories